The rise of Europe and the United States think tank, the early 20th century, after nearly a century of development, the growing number of think tanks, the increasing size of the national and international affairs, the influence and growing role to play. Some scholars to the U.S. legislative, judicial, administrative called the three powers,
moncler, the media as the fourth power, while the think tank known as the fifth power. Many people are confused, the influence of European and American think tanks come from? How they do it? What in the management of their unique place? Their experience of promoting the development of decision-making institutions have any reference?
see how the think tanks in Europe and America? What are the characteristics of its macro-management system
First, public policy think tanks is to influence government for the purpose of policy research at the core of the research institutions. Not to academic research think tanks, academic building mission, different from the university and general research institutions and academic research, in practical, relevant, workable policy research. To influence public policy options for the value of existence, the policy makers whether to adopt the proposed think tank think tank influence is to determine the size of the main criterion.
Second, Europe,
abercrombie, the United States belong to non-profit think tank. Think tank,
abercrombie france, there is no specific owner, and no shares, no shareholders, no dividends. Investor capital, you lose the ownership of the assets can not get the benefits from asset management. Once the disintegration of think tanks, the remaining assets are to be registered in the government, or government agreed to transfer to other non-profit organizations. Think tanks exempt from income tax and property taxes, and private or corporate donations to the think tanks can be deducted from taxable income. Non-profit think tank for social funds into providing protection.
Third, think tanks, not the cause as an industry to nurture and develop. Policy Studies think tank, although they are in the core research institutions, but because Europe and America belong to non-profit think tank institutions, is bound to multiple channels of funding sources. European think tank funded by the Government, the European Commission, the private sector, credit support, research contracts and other six categories. American Brookings Institute estimates of revenue, only 4% from the government, 74% from companies and individuals, foundations, donations. Even if the Rand Corporation, Institute of Peace, East-West Center of such government-funded think tank has no fixed type of financial allocation, personnel are not government civil servants, the government-funded think tanks are backed by the project, the Government has spent money to buy a policy research services. Regardless of the type of think tanks, as long as the think tank's influence is good, it can win more government research contracts, access to more government funding.
Fourth, the think tanks in the system are independent, is outside the control of the government and the consortium, any sponsors, donors, think tanks are not on the specific research activities to intervene. U.S. Secretary of State in 1963, McNamara said: On each subject, the Rand Corporation will provide up to 5 items making the client program and each option in the political, economic, public relations and disadvantages of the possible consequences, together with advice to users, for decision-makers to provide scientific, objective, fair and comprehensive policy recommendations.
the influence of European and American think tanks, largely thanks to its unique, standardized and highly efficient internal management mechanism
European and American think tank, the internal management mechanism has the following characteristics:
1, research resources around the project configuration. Think tanks, research funding and human resources are configured around the subject. Most of the U.S. think tank issues in the application project stakeholders will be included in the wages budget, including the subject host, assistant, secretary, including staff working a large proportion of total research funding. They conduct research, the Project Leader drawn from different areas of expertise in the establishment of Task Force staff, Task Force be disbanded immediately after the completion of the project. The researchers are of employment, salary, depending on whether the fight to the project,
moncler, for less than a project or can not be absorbed in the project, faced the risk of dismissal.
2, emphasis on research teams with a reasonable structure. As think tanks engaged in a comprehensive multi-interdisciplinary research, on the one hand, researchers employ various professional, while a large number of experts involved in employing part-time research. Research work in order to ensure high efficiency, European and American think tanks are also attached great importance to researchers and support staff in the rational allocation of Rand's experience,
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3, attention to personnel training and exchanges. European and American think tanks usually take the following approach: First, the good of sending personnel to public office, so that researchers into decision-making from policy researchers participants. Second, selected outstanding researchers to foreign universities,
ralph lauren, research institutions,
abercrombie and fitch, or to set up their own job training Institute. Third, exchange of personnel with foreign think tanks. Practice has proved that the two think tanks, personnel exchanges have become the official exchanges between the two countries, a prelude to dialogue with the added benefit of enhancing the understanding between the two countries, reduce misunderstanding and prejudice. Fourth, researchers and policy to maintain regular contact with decision makers to researchers to understand the specific policy objectives and decision-making process. Fifth, emphasis on internal communication, organizational researchers think tanks on a regular basis to start discussions on a topic.
4, focus on results sell. European and American think tanks as the size of its social impact for the lifeline, the size of the impact to some extent, the outcome depends on product promotion and marketing, their results will not shelved, but to sell. Marketing channels are: commitment to the subject commissioned by the Government directly to the client make their own suggestions; published research reports and publications; hold high-level forums and speaking engagements; periodic publications, policy advocacy through media campaigns; attend the Congressional hearings Association. Slightly affected almost every British think tank has its own website, they rely on the platform advocate new ideas, new ideas, to create atmosphere, and thus exert a unique influence public policy.
compared with Europe, what factors restrict the development of think tanks
1, the majority of research institutions in Europe and America is a non-funded decision-making type, but the majority of China's policy-making institutions of the Government funding type, in order to encourage social capital research into the decision, the State shall establish tax incentives, enterprise, individual decision-making applied research institutes to implement tax deductible donation policy, applied research on decision-making bodies exempt from income tax.
2, the majority of China's policy-making institutions is the difference between the financial funding or full funding institutions, government research funding for the majority of decision-making official decisions directly allocated to research institutions, and government for decision-making research in Europe and America funds under the research project funding. Financial allocation should change our way of change by the funding agency for the project for funding. One advantage of this appropriation for various types of decision-making institutions of government funds in the fight for equal opportunity, private decision-making institutions to provide development; Second, it helps to improve the utilization of financial resources, financial resources are not used care agencies, dependent person; Third, the introduction of competition in the field of decision-making mechanisms, and enhance the sense of competition policy research institutions, regardless of the type of decision-making institutions,
moncler pas cher, as long as the study of value, the government spend money to buy. 3, China's current management decision-making research institutions and administrative bodies similar, large institutions, fixed personnel, a large proportion of administrative personnel, financial, human resources are not configured around the research project. Decision-making applied research institutes to set up a management mechanism for its own characteristics.
4, the present study of various government funds, such as the Social Fund, the Natural Science Foundation, soft science, and research funds in the share of labor compensation are strictly limited. Methods for using such funds do not meet the actual decision-making research, is not conducive to reflect the decision of the labor value. The main inputs for decision making in human capital, rather than natural science research, technology development requires a lot of equipment, materials inputs.
5, research institutions should, as corporate decision-making as management. Depends on the quality of policy research at the core, to actively promote research on their own have a clear positioning, a core area of ??research, to encourage innovation. Decision-making institutions of innovation,
louboutin, reflected in the topics to be ahead of the study, the RAND Corporation to carry out the secret of success is one of prediction, such as whether China sent troops to Korea predict, forecast when the former Soviet Union launched the satellite, the two reports prompted Rand the company laid the consulting industry in the U.S. and global dominance. Must be innovative in research methods, European and American think-tank attached great importance to good innovation and improvement of research methods, RAND invented brainstorming, Delphi and other research methods.
(socio-economic development of the capital,
christian louboutin, deputy director of the Huangjiang Song)
extension
read the famous br> One of the secrets of success RAND Corporation is to carry out prediction. The eve of the Korean War, the Korean War Rand experts to assess and predict whether China will send troops to Korea, and concluded that China will send troops to Korea. Report came out, the Rand Corporation to sell to the Pentagon initiative, trying to use the transfer of $ 2,000,000. But the U.S. military is not interested in this report. After the failure of the war, the U.S. military to review their decision-making mistakes in the Korean War, spent $ 2,000,000 to buy out the outdated report.
Source: (Source: Beijing Times)
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